Bowling Gambling Games

Fantasy Springs reminds guests to wear a mask, social distance and always play it safe. 849.01 Keeping gambling houses, etc. — Whoever by herself or himself, her or his servant, clerk or agent, or in any other manner has, keeps, exercises or maintains a gaming table or room, or gaming implements or apparatus, or house, booth, tent, shelter or other place for the purpose of gaming or gambling or in any place of which she or he may directly or indirectly have charge, control.

Bowling Gambling Games To Play

1. The International Bowling Museum and Hall of Fame is located in Arlington, Texas, and in order to be enshrined, a bowler must first meet the requirements above, then be elected. The PBA50 Tour division was opened in 2009, and PBA50 Tour inductees are denoted by an '(S)' below.
2. These games are actually bowling games, but are the size of a pinball game. There is a manikin bowler that the player controls. The 'little man' actually bowls a steel 1 1/4' pinball down a lane, which hits small bowling pins. This game was reissued by Williams in 1970 as Mini-Bowl.

Background

Sixty-five million people fling heavy balls down bowling lanes in the United States each year at speeds up to 20 miles an hour. Other than the finger holes and eye-catching colors, the balls look simple—deceptively so. At prices ranging from less than $50 to around $300, the balls are much more than solid spheres.

Bowling balls are designed to perform best on various types of surfaces (lanes are not as simple as they look, either) and to compliment the style and strength of an individual bowler. Wooden bowling lanes are treated with mineral oil daily to protect them from the action of the balls. Typically, the first two-thirds of the lane is oiled rather heavily (the exact degree varies by establishment), while the final third is oiled lightly. As a result, a properly thrown ball will slide straight down the lane until it encounters the less-oiled surface, and then curve toward the pins as it gains better traction. Matching the rotational characteristics of the ball to the release style and strength of the individual bowler gives the best results.

History

Both lawn bowling (in which balls are rolled at a target ball) and pin bowling have been played for thousands of years. The excavated grave of an Egyptian child buried 5,200 years ago yielded a set of stone pins apparently used for a form of bowling.

Lawn bowling was quite popular in Europe during the Middle Ages. In 1366, King Edward III outlawed the game so his troops would pay more attention to their archery practice. Similarly, ninepin bowling (with the pins arranged in a diamond pattern) was outlawed in Connecticut and New York during the early 1800s because it was associated with heavy gambling. This led to the addition of a tenth pin (arranged in the now-common triangular pattern) to circumvent the law.

Lawn-bowling balls are either weighted or shaped asymmetrically so that they will curve when rolled. Balls used in pin bowling must be exactly round in shape, but they contain hidden weights that affect their balance and rotation. They also differ from lawn-bowling balls by having finger holes; they may have two (for the thumb and middle finger) or, more popularly, three (for the thumb and middle and ring fingers). When a bowler purchases a ball, the holes are drilled to fit his or her hand.

Structural Evolution

Historically, most bowling balls were made of Lignum vitae, a very hard wood. In 1905, the first rubber bowling ball (the Evertrue) was produced, followed nine years later by Brunswick Corporation's rubber Mineralite ball. Hard rubber balls dominated the market until the 1970s, when polyester balls were developed. In the 1980s, urethane bowling balls were introduced. Around 1990, dramatic changes were made in the design of the ball cores (dense blocks within the ball that modify the ball's balance). Shortly thereafter, reactive urethane was introduced as a new coverstock (the ball's surface layer) option.

Also referred to as resin, the new reactive urethane coverstock was used in combination with innovative core designs, drastically changing the sport. During the first full winter season in which reactive balls were used, the number of perfect games (12 successive throws in which all 10 pins are knocked down) increased by nearly 20%—the American Bowling Congress reported 14,889 in 1991-92 and 17,654 the following year.

Some examples of core shapes are lightbulb, spherical, and elliptical. Combination cores are made by enclosing a core of one shape and density within a second core of another shape and density. The main core may be supplemented by adding a collar or weight block to the core or by embedding small counter-weights separately in the interior of the ball.

Since about 1993, bowling ball manufacturers have been using computerized design software to generate frequent improvements in core design. Designs have become so sophisticated that even for one model of ball, a different core design may be used for different ball weights (e.g., one for 12-and 13-pound balls, another for 14-pound balls, and a third for 15-and 16-pound balls). A developmental chemist working for a major manufacturer was quoted in a 1996 Design News article as saying, 'Not long ago, a company could introduce a good ball and keep the market for two years. Now products come out so quickly that you need to have new designs ready all the time.'

Raw Materials

Manufacturers currently use three types of plastics as coverstock material. Polyester, the least expensive, produces the smallest amount of hook on the back third of the lane because it is relatively unaffected by varying amounts of oil on the lane surface. In the middle of the price range, urethane balls offer more hooking action than polyester balls but are more durable and require less maintenance than reactive urethane balls. At the top of the price scale, reactive urethane (resin) balls provide the greatest hooking ability and deliver more power to the pins on impact. Various ball manufacturers have formed alliances with chemical suppliers to formulate proprietary materials by blending various resins with urethane.

Cores are made by adding a heavy substance such as bismuth graphite or barium either to resin, making a very dense type of plastic, or to a ceramic material. An article written by ball manufacturer Track Inc. asserts that fired ceramic cores result in harder-hitting balls because no energy is absorbed by the ceramic part of the core. It also explains that fired ceramic cores cannot be altered during finger-hole drilling, whereas cores made of millable ceramic alloys can be. Millable ceramic alloys are made by blending ceramic powder with a binding agent. These types of ceramic cores are softer and less adhesive than fired ceramics, and that they do absorb energy upon impact with the pins.

In some balls, 2-4 oz (56.7-113.4 g) of iron oxide is used as a weight block to shift the ball's center of gravity toward one side of the core. Zirconium is used by one manufacturer for counterweights.

The Manufacturing
Process

Between the early 1800s and the early 1990s, most bowling balls were made of three-piece construction. A small amount of dense material was poured into spherical core mold to create a pancake-like core. Then the remainder of the core mold was filled with a less-dense core material. Finally, the core was centered in a mold and a layer about 1 in (2.54 cm) thick of coverstock was poured around it. Since being pioneered by manufacturer Faball Inc. in the early 1990s, a two-piece construction method has become more popular.

Making the core

• 1 For the particular model of ball being manufactured, a mold is formed to the core shape developed during the computerized design process. The appropriate material is poured into the core mold and allowed to harden. The solid core is removed from its mold.
• 2 A second step may be necessary to finish the core. For example, some ceramic cores are fired in a kiln. A compound core may be formed by inserting the first core into a second mold and pouring material of a different density around all or part of it.

Forming the shell

• 3 The finished core is placed inside a spherical mold called the coverstock
  Some examples of bowling bowl core shapes are lightbulb, spherical, and elliptical. Combination cores are made by enclosing a core of one shape and density within a second core of another shape and density. The main core may be supplemented by adding a collar or weight block to the core or by embedding small counterweights separately in the interior of the ball
  mold. The core is attached to a pin that projects inward from the shell of the mold. The pin holds the core in the correct position. If the pin points toward the center of the mold, the core is said to be pin in; if it is tilted away from the center, the core is pin out.
• 4 The coverstock material is poured into the mold, encasing the core, and is allowed to harden. The thickness of the coverstock may be as little as 1 in (2.54 cm) or as much as 2 in (5.08 cm), depending on the design of the particular ball.

Filling the gaps

• 5 When the ball is removed from the coverstock mold, there is a hole where the core-holding pin had been. A plastic dowel is inserted into the hole and cemented in place. The pin is a different color than the coverstock. After the ball has been purchased, the pin will be used as a guide for positioning the finger holes to take advantage of the core design.
• 6 Fill material is added to the logo imprint that was molded into the ball. This may be the same color as the pin, or it may be a different color. The logo is located at the top of the ball, that is, above its center of gravity.

Finishing

• 7 The ball is finished to the proper size specification by turning it on a lathe and shaving off enough coverstock to achieve the right shape or it may be done on a centerless grinder that scours the ball into the desired size and roundness.
• 8 Finally, the surface of the ball is finished to the desired texture. It is sanded to either a matte finish or to an appropriate degree of polish, indicated by the roughness of the sanding material (generally ranging from 240-600 grit).
• 9 The ball is boxed and shipped to the company's distributor.

Quality Control

When the American Bowling Congress (ABC) was founded in 1894, one of its primary missions was to standardize the sport by developing equipment specifications. The current rules require a ball to have a diameter between 8.500-8.595 in (about 21.6-21.8 cm), and to have a weight of 16 lb (about 7.3 kg) or less. No minimum weight is specified, and some balls weigh as little as 6 lb (about 2.7 kg). In order to earn the ABC/WIBC (Women's International Bowling Congress) seal of approval, sample balls of each model must be sent to the ABC for testing and verification of meeting the official standards.

In response to the dramatic changes in ball designs that began in the early 1990s, the ABC issued additional regulations in 1994. For example, the new rules establish limits on the ball's radius of gyration, which is the distance between the ball's rotational axis and its center of gravity. The rule limits this value to 2.430-2.800 in (6.2-7.1 cm). Other ABC specifications govern such technical characteristics as the ball's coefficient of restitution (a measure of the energy transferred from the ball to the pins), surface hardness, and hooking potential.

The Future

The dramatic innovations in bowling ball design and materials since the early 1990s have been credited with leveling the playing field for bowlers of all sizes and strengths. Writing in Popular Mechanics magazine, John G. Falcioni noted that some bowlers unhappily refer to the new-generation balls as cheaters. He summed up the impact of ball refinements by writing, 'The sport has become so sophisticated that knowledge of engineering and physics is likely to prove more helpful in throwing strikes than doing curls with a dumbbell.'

Where to Learn More

Periodicals

'CAD Helps Bowlers Improve Their Form.' Design News (August 26, 1996): 29.

Falcioni, John G. 'Strike Force.' Popular Mechanics (March 1994): 60-63+.

Bowling Gambling Games

Other

'Ball Tech. Bowling This Month magazine. http://users.aol.com/phorvick/balltech/htm (15 Feb. 1998).

'Bowling Equipment Specifications.' Bowling Page-Information. http://www.icubed.com/users/allereb/equip.html (15 Feb. 1998).

'Frequently Asked Questions.' 19 Aug. 1995. Bowling Page. http://www.icubed.com/users/allereb/faq.html (15 Feb. 1998).

'Reactive, Urethane & Polyester. Match the Ball to the Conditions.' The Complete Bowling Index. http://www.bowlingindex.com/products/balls/balls.htm (15 Feb. 1998).

'Why Use a Ball with Ceramics?' The Complete Bowling Index. http://www.bowlingindex.com/products/balls/ceramic.htm (15 Feb. 1998).

The Games and Amusements Board (GAB) (Tagalog: Lupon sa Palaro at Libangan)^[1] is the government-ran regulatory body of professional sports in the Philippines.^[2]

History[edit]

The Games and Amusements Board initially started its operation in 1951 with the issuance of Executive Order No. 392. Through this particular law, the powers, duties and functions previously exercised, and performed by:^[3]

1. the city and municipal mayors over fronton and basque pelota games
2. the Boxing and Wrestling Commission over boxing and wrestling
3. the Commission on Races over horse racing, were consolidated and transferred to the Board

On March 20, 1974, upon the signing into law of Presidential Decree No. 420 creating the Philippine Racing Commission, the authority over horse racing was divided between the Board and the Philracom.^[3] GAB retained the function of supervision and regulation of the betting aspect of horse racing, while all other functions related to horse racing were transferred to Philracom.

On January 6, 1976, the scope of GAB's regulatory function over professional sports widened as the agency was tasked to likewise supervise and regulate the professional basketball and other professional games in the country.^[3]

The Board's regulatory function was also made more specific against anti-illegal gambling operations with the establishment of Anti-Illegal Gambling Unit (AIGU) on January 17, 1992 – which became one of GAB's units. AIGU initially was composed of personnel appointed by the Chairman of GAB and detailed staff from the Philippine National Police, the National Bureau of Investigation, the Philippine Racing Commission, the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office, other offices involved in gambling operations, as well as other law enforcement agencies in the country. On December 28, 1993, the board assumed part of the overall functions of the Gamefowl Commission, particularly insofar as international cockfight derbies are concerned.^[3]

In October 2020, GAB issued a joint order with the Philippine Sports Commission classifying any athlete who gets paid for non-national team play will be considered as professionals. Any sporting events which are conducted for profit were classified as professional in nature. This effectively reclassified semi-professional leagues such as the Philippine Super Liga (PSL) and the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League. Although it is uncertain if the order covers sporting events as small as an inter-barangay leagues.^[4]

Leadership[edit]

GAB, as an organization, is headed by a chairman and two commissioners^[3]

• Chairman: Abraham Mitra
• Commissioner for Administrative and Finance: Mario Masanguid
• Commissioner for Operations: Eduard Trinidad

Scope[edit]

Bowling Gambling Games

Sports and activities[edit]

Among professional sports and activities that the GAB regulates are:

Sports

• Association football^[5]
• Basketball^[2]
• Billiards^[3]
• Bowling^[3]
• Boxing^[2] (including women's^[3])
• eSports^[6][7]
• Karate^[2]
• Mixed martial arts^[3]
• Table tennis^[3]
• Tennis^[3]
• Wrestling^[2]

Other activities

• Cockfighting^[2]
• horse racingbetting^[2]

It is also mandated to crack down against illegal gambling practices in professional sports.^[2]

Leagues[edit]

The following are the sports leagues that are sanctioned by the GAB.*

• Chooks-to-Go Pilipinas 3x3 Basketball
• PBA 3x3 Basketball
• Philippines Football League^[5]
• Pilipinas VisMin Super Cup Basketball
• The Nationals (eSports)
• East Asia Super League^[8]

*Prior to the GAB-PSC Joint Resolution No. 2020-01^[4]

GAB considers leagues where participating athletes 'play for pay' should be under its supervisions under its mandate. In November 2018, the GAB has announced plans to put leagues which meets this criteria under its supervision such as the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League, and volleyball league Philippine Super Liga despite some of the leagues' players still simultaneously playing in collegiate leagues.^[9]

Combat Sports Organizations[edit]

• Manila Wrestling Federation
• Underground Battle MMA
• Ultimate Muaythai Challenge Philippines

References[edit]

1. ^Mga pangalan ng tanggapan ng pamahalaan sa Filipino. Philippines. Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, National Commission on Culture and the Arts (Philippines) (Edisyong 2013 ed.). Intramuros, Manila. 2013. ISBN978-971-0197-22-4. OCLC881849437.CS1 maint: others (link)
2. ^ ^abcdefgh'Games and Amusements Board'. Games and Amusements Board. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
3. ^ ^abcdefghijk'Historical Background'. Games and Amusements Board. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
4. ^ ^abNavarro, June (23 October 2020). 'PVL, PSL, MPBL to discuss professional label with teams, lawyers'. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
5. ^ ^ab'GAB grants PFL professional license'. Fox Sports Philippines. 3 May 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2017.^{[permanent dead link]}
6. ^Sheldon, David (22 October 2017). 'Philippines Officially Recognizes eSports As A Real Sport'. Casino Org. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
7. ^Regalado, Pia (10 October 2017). 'The Philippines' new athletes: eSports gamers'. ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
8. ^Giongco, Mark (22 September 2020). 'EASL gets GAB backing for next year's home-and-away games'. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
9. ^'GAB Chairman warns commercial leagues'. Manila Bulletin. 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: 'Historical Background'. Games and Amusements Board. Retrieved 5 July 2017.